Find your next tech and IT Job or contract Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
The Java developer is a web and application development professional specialized in using Java, a server-oriented programming language.
They are also called: Java programmer, Java programmer-analyst, Java software development engineer.
This IT technician analyzes the specifications provided by the client to identify a technical solution that meets their technical and functional requirements point by point.
They are then responsible for custom designing all or part of the computer program in Java.
Then comes the trial and testing phase of the applications.
Once the program is operational, they can proceed with writing technical documentation and user guides.
The Java developer can progress towards supervisory positions, project manager, IT technical manager or even a commercial career.
Manhattan WMS Developer Manhattan developer with 3 to 5 years experience developing with the Manhattan software. Extensive knowledge of the Manhattan application components Able to write and maintain SQL queries and PL/SQL procedures. Good knowledge of the Manhattan Data Structures and configuration of the application itself. Senior in developing and the process of getting changes to production. Always looking for improvements and not afraid to make a mistake. Knowledge of Docker Swarm, Terraform and Atlantis, Jenkins, Git , and have created Bash scripts. Excellent communication, should be able to interact on their own with the team as well as business Experience working in Agile Scrum environment. Willing to work in Netherlands time zone Willing to work on call support during non working hours This is a remote position. Initially this will be a 6 to 12 month contract assignment. Rate will be in the region £300 - £500 per day depending on experience. Do send your CV to us in Word format along with your daily rate and availability.
Frontend Software Developer Krakow-based Our Client is looking to recruit a Frontend Software Developer with at least 5 years proven track record of developing web technologies software with HTML, CSS, JavaScript. Expert knowledge of various JavaScript frameworks (Vue.js, React.js, Angular) or full-stack frameworks (Rails, Laravel, or .NET) CSS compiler knowledge (E.g., Sass, LESS) Familiarity with UI/UX mockup tools and processes (Adobe) Senior-level knowledge of front-end best practices like mobile-first responsive design, accessibility, performance, and separation of concerns Professional software engineering skills (refactoring, API design, version control systems) Ability to work in an Agile environment Knowledge of project/task tracking tools such as Jira, GitHub Strong communication skills Self-driven; Being able to work independently Self-organized Self-efficient Strong teamworking skills Other skills: Develop cutting-edge web applications that perform superbly across all platforms. Work in a highly collaborative environment with cross-functional teams on projects ranging from a few weeks to a few months in length. Clearly and concisely communicate highly technical challenges and solutions to client and non-technical team members. Maintain high standard of quality as you creatively and strategically problem solve throughout the product delivery process. Be able to effectively communicate your work with both technical and non-technical peers Build solid back-end architectures that integrate easily with other systems and technologies Understand design patterns and write reusable, modular code Working closely with other disciplines (back-end, big data, UX) Have a superior attention to detail and a strong ability to Q/A one's own work required, including cross-browser and cross-platform displays and performance Experience in testing and debugging applications Performance tuning, improvement, balancing, usability, automation Additional advantage Knowledge ReGraph or KeyLines Knowledge of Docker/Kubernetes and Jenkins DB knowledge and experience with GraphDB with Cypher queries plus Experience with any Robot framework is plus Experience with Confluence widger and macro This is a 6 to 12 month contract assignment. You must be able to speak in English and Polish. The Client would like to interview candidates that live in Poland ideally. The position will be base in Krakow Poland. Rate will be circa Euros 250 to 275 per day. Do send your CV to us in Word format along with you daily rate and availability.
Business Development Manager Hemel Hempstead Competitive Salary + 10% KPI Bonus + Car Allowance + 35 Days Holiday + Pension + Benefits Are you a commercially driven Business Development Manager with experience in PCS, BESS or related energy technologies, looking to play a key role in accelerating the energy transition while driving strategic growth across a rapidly expanding global technology business? This is an excellent opportunity to join an international leader in power electronics, renewable energy and energy storage solutions. You will be responsible for identifying and developing new business opportunities across the BESS market, building long-term customer relationships and helping shape market growth strategies. In this role, you will work closely with customers, partners and internal stakeholders to understand technical and commercial requirements, develop compelling business cases and convert opportunities into commercial success. You will also monitor market trends and competitor activity to strengthen market positioning and support future expansion. The ideal candidate will have previous B2B business development or sales experience within the energy sector, with knowledge of PCS, BESS or associated electrical technologies. You will be commercially focused, highly proactive and comfortable engaging with customers at both technical and strategic levels. The Role: Drive new business development activities within the PCS and BESS market Build and maintain strong relationships with customers and industry partners Develop commercial proposals, business cases and growth strategies Monitor market trends, competitor activity and customer requirements Support market expansion and revenue growth initiatives The Person: Experience in B2B sales or business development Background in PCS, BESS, energy storage or related electrical technologies Strong commercial awareness and relationship-building skills Motivated, proactive and target-driven approach Reference Number:BBBH281186 Rise Technical Recruitment Ltd acts an employment agency for permanent roles and an employment business for temporary roles. The salary advertised is the bracket available for this position. The actual salary paid will be dependent on your level of experience, qualifications and skill set and will be decided by our client, the employer. Rise are not responsible or liable for any hiring decisions made by the end client. We are an equal opportunities company and welcome applications from all suitable candidates.
Nous recherchons notre futur(e) Lead Developer Java / Angular / AWS pour poser les fondations techniques d'une nouvelle solution métier dédiée à la traçabilité et aux interventions en environnements industriels contraints. Le produit est en pleine phase de conception de son MVP (Minimum Viable Product) sur un socle cloud moderne. Vos missions : Architecture & cadrage technique : définir les orientations d'architecture sur AWS, sécuriser les choix d'implémentation et bâtir un socle robuste et évolutif dès la phase de lancement. Développement hands-on (60 à 70 %) : participer activement au développement de la solution avec une dominante backend (70 % Java / Spring Boot) et une composante frontend (30 % Angular). Leadership technique (30 à 40 %) : animer et faire monter en compétences une équipe de 4 à 5 développeurs, instaurer les bonnes pratiques de delivery et arbitrer les choix techniques. Qualité & automatisation : garantir le niveau d'exigence du code via SonarQube et structurer la stratégie de tests automatisés (adoption de Playwright pour remplacer progressivement Selenium).
Vous renforcez l'équipe de développeur en tant que développeur Full Stack. En tant que développeur full stack, vous contribuerez au développement de nouvelles fonctionnalités, à l'intégration de solutions partenaires, de l'optimisation technique de notre système d'information, et de la proposition d'améliorations à fort impact et à l'amélioration continue de notre produit. Vous travaillerez avec une stack technique moderne et bénéficierez d'un environnement de travail convivial et flexible. Au quotidien, vous serez amené à : • Échanger avec le product owner sur les prochaines user stories à développer • Développer les user stories de façon full stack (front & back) • Intégrer de nouvelles solutions partenaires • Maintenir les fonctionnalités existantes et participer à l'amélioration continue de la solution • Participer aux différents moments d'échanges qui rythment le quotidien (daily, démo, rétro, ..) • Et surtout Tester !
DESCRIPTION DE LA MISSION 3 mois Minimum, renouvelable Profil, compétences et qualifications Vous disposez de : Au moins 5 ans d'expérience pratique en tant que développeur Salesforce, dont au moins 3 ans sur Service Cloud. Une expérience avérée dans l'implémentation ou la gestion de Service Cloud Voice avec Amazon Connect. Une bonne compréhension du versioning et des pratiques CI/CD : SFDX, Git et GitLab. Une solide expérience du développement Salesforce : Apex, LWC, JavaScript et Flow. Une expérience avec les API REST et les intégrations de services tiers avec Salesforce. Une forte autonomie, un esprit orienté résolution de problèmes et une attitude proactive. De bonnes capacités de communication, à l'oral comme à l'écrit. Un anglais professionnel, tous les livrables étant réalisés en anglais, ainsi que la majorité des présentations orales. Compétences fortement appréciées Expérience sur Salesforce Omni-Channel. Expérience sur Salesforce Agentforce. Expérience sur Salesforce Digital Engagement. Certifications Salesforce Certified Platform Developer I : obligatoire. Salesforce Certified Platform Developer II : appréciée. Toute autre certification Salesforce constituera un atout supplémentaire. Soft skills Excellentes capacités d'écoute active et d'analyse, avec une aptitude démontrée à synthétiser des informations complexes. Communication claire, concise et orientée impact, à l'écrit comme à l'oral, avec la capacité d'adapter son discours aux différents interlocuteurs. Fort esprit d'équipe : personne solidaire, empathique et collaborative. Humilité et forte résilience face aux difficultés. Curiosité et passion pour l'écosystème Salesforce, avec une réelle motivation pour résoudre des problématiques techniques complexes. Capacité à remettre en question l'existant et à proposer de manière proactive des solutions innovantes. prolongation mission possible sur 2027 Lieu : Issy-les-Moulineaux
Boomi Developer We are looking for two Boomi Developers with the following experience: - Hands on Boomi experience. - Able to translate business requirements and technical specifications into Boomi integration solutions. - Design, develop, configure, and unit-test Boomi processes, connectors, mappings, and APIs. - Maintain test scripts, troubleshoot integration issues, and support testing, deployment, and production readiness. This is a 3-6 month contract initially inside IR35. It is based remotely with ad hoc travel to client site for meetings when required. To be considered for the position please send over an updated CV. LA International is an award-winning partner of choice for many of the world's most influential companies and government organisations. Holding Enhanced Government Security Accreditation, we are recognised as the European market leader in the delivery of Security Cleared talent to organisations that demand the very highest levels of security, compliance and assurance. A multiple award-winning organisation, having secured the prestigious Queens Award for Enterprise: International Trade over consecutive years. We are committed to fostering an inclusive, equitable and accessible workplace where everyone feels valued and supported. We welcome applications from all individuals, regardless of background or identity, and we encourage candidates who may not meet every listed requirement to still apply. If you require any adjustments or support during the recruitment process, please let us know and we will work with you to ensure a fair and accessible experience. Please Note: If a high volume of applications is received, only candidates shortlisted will be contacted.
CGI's Space, Defence and Intelligence business unit focuses on delivering contemporary and innovative technical solutions to government agencies tackling some of the most complex challenges. We design, build, and operate bespoke, mission-critical systems that help keep the UK safe and secure. We are looking for experienced Python Developers to join our cross-functional teams. Working closely with our clients, you will help design, build, and deliver secure, scalable solutions in a highly rewarding and impactful environment. CGI places strong emphasis on learning and development, ensuring your skills evolve alongside the latest technologies. Our culture promotes innovation, collaboration, and ownership—ideal for motivated self-starters. Due to the secure nature of the work, these roles require UK Security Clearance and sole UK nationality. Candidates should either already hold DV clearance or be willing and eligible to obtain it.
Do you enjoy solving complex challenges with geospatial technology? Are you keen to see your work making a real difference in both public and commercial sectors? If you're ready to grow your skills and contribute to innovative projects, join our expanding Geospatial team at CGI as a Geospatial Developer. We work on projects that enhance services, transform organisations and ultimately make everyday life easier for people. At CGI, you'll be part of a collaborative, supportive environment where your development matters as much as the solutions you create. CGI was recognised in the Sunday Times Best Places to Work List 2025 and has been named one of the 'World's Best Employers' by Forbes magazine. We offer a competitive salary, excellent pension, private healthcare, plus a share scheme (3.5% + 3.5% matching) which makes you a member not just an employee. We are committed to inclusivity, building a genuinely diverse community of tech talent and inspiring everyone to pursue careers in our sector, including our Armed Forces, and are proud to hold a Gold Award in recognition of our support of the Armed Forces Corporate Covenant. Join us and you'll be part of an open, friendly community of experts. We'll train and support you in taking your career wherever you want it to go. This is a hybrid working pattern role and you may need to travel occasionally within the UK as needed – ideally you will be based within a commutable distance to one of the following CGI offices London, Bristol, Birmingham, Reading, or Glasgow, but we will consider candidates from other UK locations. All applicants must hold or be prepared to undergo National Security Vetting (NSV) to Security Check (SC) level as a minimum.
Leading Etrading client requires a senior C++ Engineer to Design, develop and enhance low-latency C++ applications across five equities trading environments, Contribute to critical components including order handling, matching engines and market data services. Take ownership from initial design through implementation, testing and deployment. Are you passionate about building ultra-high-performance systems that operate at the heart of financial markets? Join a world-class engineering team responsible for one of Europe's largest pan-European equities trading venues, where every microsecond matters and your work directly influences how billions of pounds are traded every day. As a Senior Software Engineer, you'll play a key role in designing, developing and operating the technology that powers our real-time trading ecosystem. From order entry and matching engines to market data distribution and low-latency infrastructure, you'll help build mission-critical systems that are relied upon by some of the world's most sophisticated trading firms. Why Join Us?You'll become part of a highly collaborative engineering team that works closely with business stakeholders across Europe and technology teams globally. We believe in empowering engineers with ownership, encouraging innovation, and giving everyone the opportunity to make a meaningful impact. This is more than a development role. It's an opportunity to solve complex technical challenges, influence system design, mentor talented engineers, and shape the future of modern electronic trading. Build High-Performance Trading SystemsDesign, develop and enhance low-latency C++ applications across five equities trading environments Deliver robust, scalable and production-ready solutions with a strong focus on quality and performance Contribute to critical components including order handling, matching engines and market data services Own Features End-to-EndTake ownership from initial design through implementation, testing and deployment Collaborate closely with engineers, product teams and business stakeholders Drive technical decisions and ensure successful delivery of complex initiatives Lead and MentorSupport and develop less experienced engineers Act as a technical expert for key systems and services Contribute to technical discussions, architecture reviews and engineering best practices Support a Mission-Critical PlatformInvestigate and resolve complex production issues Help maintain the reliability and availability of trading systems Participate in an on-call support rota when required Shape the Future TeamInterview and evaluate engineering candidates Help build an exceptional technology organisation What We're Looking ForEssential Skills & ExperienceSignificant professional experience with Modern C++ (C++11 or later) Strong understanding of performance optimisation and low-level system design Proven track record of delivering features from concept through production Experience mentoring or supporting fellow engineers Strong communication and stakeholder management skills Experience developing and supporting applications within Linux environments A proactive, ownership-driven mindset Desirable ExperienceC++20 Python development SQL and relational databases Real-time or low-latency systems Trading, financial markets or exchange technology Computer Science, Software Engineering or related degree What We OfferWe believe exceptional people deserve exceptional support. That's why we provide a comprehensive package focused on your professional growth, financial wellbeing and personal health. Financial RewardsCompetitive base salary Performance-based bonus opportunity Employee Stock Purchase Plan Pension contributions of up to 7% of salary with no employee contribution required Health & WellbeingPrivate medical insurance for you and your family, including dental cover Company-funded private GP service Life assurance and long-term illness cover Employee Assistance Programme for you and your immediate family Family SupportEnhanced parental and adoption leave Flexible and supportive working environment Lifestyle BenefitsClassPass Corporate Membership Complimentary lunch, snacks and refreshments in the office Employee referral bonus scheme Volunteer opportunities and charitable giving match programme Learning & DevelopmentPaid tuition assistance Ongoing professional development opportunities Exposure to some of the most advanced trading technology in the industry To find out more about Huxley, please visit Huxley, a trading division of SThree Partnership LLP is acting as an Employment Business in relation to this vacancy | Registered office | 8 Bishopsgate, London, EC2N 4BQ, United Kingdom | Partnership Number | OC387148 England and Wales
At CGI, we're shaping the future of digital experiences by delivering innovative, high-performing solutions that make a meaningful difference for our clients. As a Senior React Developer, you'll play a key role in building intuitive, scalable applications that transform how people interact with technology. You'll take ownership of impactful development work, collaborate with talented professionals across disciplines, and bring fresh ideas to complex challenges. With the freedom to innovate, opportunities to develop your expertise, and the support of a collaborative community, you'll help deliver exceptional digital solutions while building a rewarding career at CGI. CGI was recognised in the Sunday Times Best Places to Work List 2025 and has been named a UK 'Best Employer' by the Financial Times. We offer a competitive salary, excellent pension, private healthcare, plus a share scheme (3.5% + 3.5% matching) which makes you a CGI Partner not just an employee. We are committed to inclusivity, building a genuinely diverse community of tech talent and inspiring everyone to pursue careers in our sector, including our Armed Forces, and are proud to hold a Gold Award in recognition of our support of the Armed Forces Corporate Covenant. Join us and you'll be part of an open, friendly community of experts. We'll train and support you in taking your career wherever you want it to go. This is a hybrid position but there will be a requirement to travel to Glasgow a few times a month. Ideally you will live within reasonable travel distance of Glasgow to minimise travel.
Senior Python Developer Our Client is looking to recruit a seasoned Senior Python Software Developer with at least 5 to - 8 years experience of developing software in Python . You must have excellent technical excellence in Python in developing a is required. Excellent verbal communication skills (English a must) Ability to provide recommendations for the e2e architecture infrastructure Proven experience with designing back-end architectures. An understanding of application performance tuning and resource usage Ability to troubleshoot existing scripts and do point bug fixes / application redesign Highly experienced in multiprocessing, multiprocessing, and asynchronous python development (asyncio module) Experience with Docker containers, micro services, and CI/CD pipeline a plus Experience with Django, Flask is a plus Working knowledge with MongoDB, JSON, sync/async architecture Working knowledge of networking theory (TCP/IP) or strong desire to learn it You collaborate with other engineers and people in the organization to improve our solution delivery You believe in Lean/Agile principles and actively work to incorporate them in the organization You care about your craft and strive towards producing high-quality code. A very high degree of autonomy, self-learning and problem solving is expected You should enjoy working in a team and collaborating on projects and codebases. This position can be based anywhere in Europe. The rate will depend upon the level of expertise. The duration of this contract assignment is 6 months. Do send your CV to us in Word format along with your daily rate and availability.
Contexte de la missionDans le cadre de la maintenance évolutive et de l'amélioration d'une application stratégique de refinancement des filiales d'un grand groupe bancaire, nous recherchons un Développeur Java Fullstack confirmé / senior, à forte dominante Backend. L'application intervient dans le processus de gestion des demandes de financement, leur cotation par les équipes de trésorerie et leur intégration dans les systèmes Front Office, Back Office et comptables. Le consultant interviendra sur un environnement bancaire exigeant, au sein duquel la fiabilité, la sécurité et la continuité de service sont essentielles. Missions principalesAssurer la maintenance corrective et évolutive de l'application. Concevoir, développer et optimiser les composants applicatifs en Java, avec une forte dominante Backend. Intervenir sur les composants Frontend et garantir la cohérence de l'application Fullstack. Développer et optimiser les requêtes SQL ainsi que les procédures PL/SQL sous Oracle. Participer aux montées de version et aux évolutions de l'environnement IBM WebSphere. Contribuer à l'automatisation des traitements et des procédures via des scripts Shell. Assurer le support applicatif de niveau 3, analyser les incidents complexes et mettre en œuvre les corrections nécessaires. Garantir la qualité, la sécurité, la performance et la maintenabilité du code. Appliquer les bonnes pratiques de développement : Clean Code, tests et documentation technique. Collaborer avec les équipes techniques et fonctionnelles pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de l'application. Environnement techniqueCompétences principales : Java Fullstack – forte dominante Backend Oracle SQL / PL/SQL IBM WebSphere Compétences complémentaires : SweetDev Shell Unix Maintenance applicative et support N3 Qualité du code, Clean Code et sécurité applicative
***AI Lead Developer - Hybride - Paris*** RED Global est à la recherche d'un AI Lead Developer pour venir rejoindre les équipes de l'un de nos clients dans le cadre de leurs projets en cours. Compétences requises: Maîtrise de .NET/C# OU de TypeScript/Node.js Maîtrise des outils d'Agentic Engineering tels qu'OpenCode, Claude Code, Cursor, etc. Maîtrise des concepts d'Agentic Engineering et de leur application au développement logiciel : Context Engineering, Harness Engineering, Spec-Driven Development, etc. Solide expertise en développement logiciel, avec une excellente maîtrise des concepts d'architecture et des bonnes pratiques de développement : TDD (développement piloté par les tests), Clean Code, principes SOLID, etc. Détails de la mission: Localisation : Paris, hybride, 3 jours sur site par semaine Start date : ASAP Contrat : 3 mois renouvelable
Objectifs et contexte de la mission : Le bénéficiaire souhaite une prestation d'accompagnement de TechLeading disposant d'une expertise en DevOps, sécurité et développement logiciel afin d'apporter une expertise Craftmanshift aux équipes applicatives de BCEF IT. Le déploiement de l'Agile à l'échelle (basé sur le modèle Spotify et Framework Safe) et a démarré il y a quelques années chez BCEF IT (organisation matricielle) On intervient aussi bien sur des sujets de Run que des sujets de Build. BCEF IT est l'entité responsable de l'Informatique au sein des Missions Transversales de la Banque de Détail de France. Les produits d'Epargne financière sont en constante évolution sous l'effet conjugué des nouvelles offres métier et aux nombreuses exigences réglementaires accrues. Au sein du domaine Epargne, la Squad Assurance Vie a la charge du produit Assurance Vie pour le compte de BNP Paribas en France. Le produit est composé de plusieurs parcours utilisateurs allant du conseil, à la souscription et jusqu'au opération d'après-vente permettant de réaliser des opérations sur son contrat (versements, rachat, etc…) La produit Assurance Vie est au cœur d'un éco-système d'applications en interaction avec lui. Par conséquent, la mission permettra de travailler en relation avec d'autres squad du domaine Epargne, du digital mais également d'autres entités du groupe tel que BNPP AM et CARDIF. Liste des tâches attendues dans le cadre de la mission Mission: - Tech Leading - Des expériences dans l'approche Craftmanship - Framework SAFe, afin de favoriser son intégration dans notre organisation BCEF IT - Java Framework (Spring Boot), sur l'outillage CI/CD - Cloud IBM est un plus Tâches de la mission : - Force de propositions et d'accompagnement des Ingénieurs Software internes comme externes applicatives dans l'industrialisation, la testabilité et la pérennité de leur développement - TDD - BDD - Dette technique - Clean code - DDD ou architecture hexagonale - Principes SOLID - Outils CI/CD - Bonnes pratiques sur la gestion des branches sous GitLab - Revues de code - Pair Programming - Vision 360 - Points d'échange réguliers avec les Chapter Lead des collaborateurs 'Ingénieurs Software" - Points d'échange réguliers avec les autres Tech Lead du Pôle OSBA; échanges de bonnes pratiques, partage d'informations, discuter sur de potentielles difficultés Environnement technique JAVA 17, 21 Springboot 3.x; 4.x PostGreSQL Gitlab, Jenkins, SonarQube, Artifactiry, ArgoCD, Ansible Tower, Fortify, NexusIQ… Cloud IBM
Frequently asked questions about working as a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
What is the role of a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
The Java developer is a computer specialist who focuses on designing software and websites. As the name implies, they have Java programming language down pat! Passionate and versatile, the Java developer must possess solid technical skills and some essential qualities to provide their client with a customized IT solution.
How much does a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...) charge
The mastered frameworks, the company's sector, its location and the technical issues to be solved are all criteria that affect the Java developer's salary. Nevertheless, their daily rate is relatively high, even for a beginner. The latter earns an average of 483 euros per day. Their salary will be around £40K.
What is the definition of a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
The Java developer creates applications at the client's request using their preferred language: Java. For this purpose, they must comply with the requirements provided in the specifications. They develop the application, then manage the testing phase as well as maintenance and update planning
What type of mission can a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...) handle
The tasks generally assigned to a Java developer are:
• Definition of client needs;
• Application programming;
• Development of website structure;
• Writing explanatory notes so that the written code lines are understandable by other stakeholders;
• Adding new functionalities and improving the performance of an existing application;
• Performing unit tests and integration tests;
• Technical support;
• Updating existing code.
What are the main skills of a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
Knowledge of Java language must be complemented by knowledge of:
• The J2EE development platform;
• Other programming languages;
• Oracle and SQL databases;
• Tools and frameworks such as Spring, Spring boot, React, Angular, Hibernate, AWS, GWT, Struts or Docker;
• Algorithms;
• Security standards and procedures to combat cyberattacks;
• The business environment (market, services, customers).
Those who wish to work as Java developers must also master English.
What is the ideal profile for a Java Developer (Kotlin, Groovy...)
In addition to the diploma and technical skills, recruiters require future Java developers to be:
• Rigorous and precise in writing code;
• Creative;
• Good listeners;
• Able to work in an agile environment;
• Flexible and available;
• Able to communicate and explain their knowledge to non-technical people;
• Curious, as computer programs and languages are constantly evolving.
A strong sense of analysis and organization is also required!